Sometimes mana bonds are quick. Jace simply feels his psychic powers grow stronger near waterways, for example. Meaningful connections are obviously useful for a mana bond, but not strictly necessary.
As for what happens to the mana, it isn't destroyed. Provided things like apocalypses, chimes or eldrazi aren't involved, mana returns to where it came from.
Well then I wouldn't quite say the quick mana is derived from mana bonds, I would say at a certain point that being affiliated with a color who sharing bonds with enough blue-mana-rich lands would cause this effect.
Also, I didn't mean lost as in gone, just lost to the mage at the time.